侵华日军南京大屠杀遇难同胞纪念馆
百度 此前，美国此前已经宣布美国退出跨太平洋伙伴关系协定（Trans-PacificPartnership，简称TPP），美国还抨击世界贸易组织，甚至暗示可能会取消美国对WTO的参与；还多次强调，美国在与日本、韩国甚至墨西哥等国的贸易中遭遇不公，希望能够与这些国家重新协商并制定新的贸易协定，这些行为都引发了美国盟友的担忧。
Welcome to the Wikibook about Artificial Intelligence.
Book Contents
[edit | edit source]The following is a first proposal for a basic layout. This is not yet complete, ideas are welcome. Discuss on the talk page or just add them here.
The book is laid out into 5 sections, with increasing detail and complexity. Each section contains a number of chapters. In addition to regular chapters, there are case-study chapters that investigate full and complex AI systems using several techniques from the regular chapters (as well as perhaps some new ones).
Introduction
[edit | edit source]Overview
- AI Agents and their Environments
- Artificial intelligence paradigms and schools of thought
General concepts
[edit | edit source]
- Probability: Describing the basics (philosophical and mathematical) of probability theory inference.
Basic AI topics
[edit | edit source]- Planning, Decision making and Problem Solving: Expanding on the search chapter to show how simple agents and simple intelligent behavior can be created. Examples are solving a puzzle, navigating a small maze (with pits and monsters) or planning a trip to the supermarket.
- Uncertainty: Introduction to reasoning, planning and decision making with uncertainty.
- Case Study - Building a (relatively) strong game AI: Building a strong AI for some game (to be chosen) that combines techniques from the planning and uncertainty chapters. This should go deeper than the simplified algorithms that most books describe and actually produce a strong playing AI.
- Inference in Logic: Backward and Forward chaining, Resolution and Logic Programming.
- Knowledge Engineering: Ways to describe and store complicated knowledge. Databases, OO concepts, knowledge bases, representing space and time, inference from large datasets, diagnosis system etc.
- Natural Language: Stuff like Markov models, POS taggers and CFG's.
- Machine Learning (ML): The basic idea of Machine Learning is to study pattern recognition, make predictions, improve predictions based on examples or data. Example of Machine Learning concepts such as supervised learning, unsupervised learning, semi-supervised learning, reinforcement learning and deep learning.
- Case Study - Deep Learning: Describes the use of deep architecture (i.e. Deep Belief Networks, Convolutional Neural Networks) in handwritten character recognition.
- Case Study - Artificial Life: Describes an environment with several evolving agents and some different techniques to construct agents. This should be able to draw on and compare pretty much all the chapters from section 2 (including the natural language chapter).
- Philosophical Issues for Artificial Intelligence: Discusses AI problems typically dealt with by philosophers, such as what is theoretically possible to achieve with AI, whether programs can be conscious, or feel pain, intentionality, and symbol grounding.
More advanced topics and techniques in AI
[edit | edit source]- Bayesian Decision Theory
- Neural Networks and related models
- Natural Neural Networks and modeling of the Brain
- Distributed Processing and other advanced Networks
- Advanced Expert Systems: Expands on the basic expert systems explained in Knowledge Engineering in section 2. Includes more in depth explanation of Bayesian Networks than in the Machine Learning section.
- Case Study - Data Mining: Describes mining a large dataset (perhaps some part of the wikipedia database) using machine learning algorithms, using software like Weka.
- Case Study - Data Analysis: Describes manipulation of data using statistical computing tool such as R programming in K-means clustering, decision tree, random forest, adaptive boosting and support vector machine (supported by R Foundation, an open source software foundation).
- Advanced Natural Language: A description of the various techniques for dealing with tenses, sentence focus, presuppositions, etc. in NLP and NLG. This focuses mostly on the underlying structure of language and how to translate into some logical language, rather than statistical methods and models.
- Natural Language Learning: Deals with more advanced statistical models for learning to understand language.
- Case Study - Dialogue System: Building system that can communicate (intelligently) in written natural language. In a nutshell, trying to pass the Turing test. Three basic paradigms; case based reasoning (like ALICE), Logic based (translating everything to and from some extended version of predicate logic) and some machine learning based solution.
Highly specific AI topics and techniques
[edit | edit source]- Machine Vision: Interpreting visual data. Face recognition, 3d reconstruction etc.
- Bayesian Decision Theory
- Linear Discriminants and Perceptron
- Support Vector Machines
- Parameteric Techniques
- Non-parametric Techniques
- Speech Recognition, Text to Speech and OCR
- Advanced Logics: Advanced logic systems.
- Reinforcement Learning
- Robotics: Detailed and technical introduction to the three basic paradigms of robotics. Deals with software and hardware. (Define: situated robotics.)
AI Circuits and algorithms
[edit | edit source]- Theory of boolean intelligence
- 1 - Bit Learner
- N-bit learning circuit
- Circuit encoded in Java
- My research results...
The Future of Artificial Intelligence
[edit | edit source]- The Singularity: Will AIs ever have a greater intelligence than human beings?
- Spiritual Machines vs. Rational Agents: Will AIs fix spirituality?